Zero Enums: Simple Enumerations Without Payloads

Declaring an Enum

enum declares a type whose values are a fixed set of named variants:

enum Status {
    ready,
    failed,
}

Now Status is a type with exactly two values: Status.ready and Status.failed. Nothing else can be a Status.

The grammar is intentionally tiny:

• enum Name { opens the declaration.
• Each line lists one variant name, comma-separated.
• } closes it.

No payloads, no discriminator values, no derived methods - that's what keeps enum "the small sum type" in Zero.

Using an Enum

You name a variant by qualifying it with the enum type:

let state: Status = Status.ready

The annotation : Status is optional once the right-hand side pins the type; in most cases you can write:

let state = Status.ready

and the compiler will infer the type to be Status.

Comparing Enum Values

Two enum values are equal when they're the same variant:

if state == Status.ready {
    check world.out.write("ready\n")
} else {
    check world.out.write("not ready\n")
}

That's the simplest way to branch on an enum. For exhaustive analysis - handling every variant explicitly - reach for match:

match state {
    .ready  => { check world.out.write("ready\n") }
    .failed => { check world.out.write("failed\n") }
}

The advantages of match over if/else if show up when you add a third variant later. The compiler will tell you every match that's missing the new case; an if/else chain will silently fall through to its default branch.

Choice and match covers match in more detail. It works for both enum and choice.

A Worked Example

The official Zero sample puts enum and choice side by side in the same file:

choice Result {
    ok: i32,
    err: String,
}

enum Status {
    ready,
    failed,
}

pub fun main(world: World) -> Void raises {
    let result: Result = Result.ok(42)
    match result {
        .ok => value {
            if value == 42 {
                check world.out.write("choice ok\n")
            }
        }
        .err => message {
            check world.out.write("choice err\n")
        }
    }
}

Status doesn't do anything in this snippet - it's there to show the contrast. A choice variant binds a payload (value, message) when matched; an enum variant binds nothing because there's nothing to bind.

Enum vs. Choice: A Quick Decision Tree

A short rule:

• The variants are just labels → enum.
• The variants have to carry data → choice.

If you're modeling lifecycle states and you eventually need to attach an error message to the "failed" state, switch the type from enum to choice. The variants get a payload type each, and downstream match arms gain a binding for that payload. It's a refactor the compiler walks you through.

Concretely:

// Before - enum, no payloads
enum Status {
    ready,
    failed,
}

// After - choice with payloads on each variant
choice Status {
    ready: Void,
    failed: String,
}

The variants whose payload is Void are just labels in choice form. You can use enum and choice for the same logical states; pick enum when you genuinely don't need data attached.

Use Cases

Some everyday examples where enum is the right answer:

• Lifecycle without metadata. Loading, Ready, Empty - pure states, no payloads.
• Modes. Read, Write, Append for a file open mode.
• Direction. North, South, East, West.
• Log level. Trace, Debug, Info, Warn, Error. (You might later add a message, at which point you'd switch to choice.)
• Day of the week. A canonical example.

Whenever you'd otherwise reach for a magic integer constant (0 = pending, 1 = active, 2 = done), an enum is almost always clearer.

Style Notes

• Lowercase variant names match Zero's style for identifiers across the rest of the language.
• A trailing comma after the last variant is fine (and recommended for diff-friendliness - adding a new variant doesn't churn the previous line).
• Keep enum lists small. If you have a dozen variants and many of them want payloads, you might be looking at a choice - or a redesign - rather than a bigger enum.

Next: Choice and Match

The natural next step is the richer cousin: choice and match - Zero's tagged-union type and the pattern-matching construct that goes with it.