Number of Provinces

def findCircleNum(isConnected):
    n = len(isConnected)
    seen = [False] * n
    provinces = 0
    for start in range(n):
        if seen[start]:
            continue
        # Nobody reached this city from an earlier province, so it starts a new one.
        provinces += 1
        seen[start] = True
        stack = [start]
        while stack:
            city = stack.pop()
            row = isConnected[city]
            for other in range(n):
                # Mark a city when you push it, so it is never pushed twice.
                if row[other] == 1 and not seen[other]:
                    seen[other] = True
                    stack.append(other)
    return provinces

def findCircleNum(isConnected):
    n = len(isConnected)
    parent = list(range(n))
    rank = [0] * n

    def find(city):
        root = city
        while parent[root] != root:
            root = parent[root]
        # Path compression: point every city on the way straight at the root.
        while parent[city] != root:
            up = parent[city]
            parent[city] = root
            city = up
        return root

    provinces = n
    for i in range(n):
        for j in range(i + 1, n):  # the matrix is symmetric, so the upper half is enough
            if isConnected[i][j] == 1:
                a, b = find(i), find(j)
                if a == b:
                    continue
                # Union by rank: hang the shorter tree under the taller one.
                if rank[a] < rank[b]:
                    a, b = b, a
                parent[b] = a
                if rank[a] == rank[b]:
                    rank[a] += 1
                # Two provinces just became one.
                provinces -= 1
    return provinces