Pola Composite

Termasuk bagian Pemrograman Berorientasi Objek dalam perjalanan Python di Coddy. Pelajaran 54 dari 64.

Composite Pattern memperlakukan object tunggal dan kelompok object secara seragam. Pola ini membuat struktur pohon tempat item tunggal dan kumpulan item menggunakan antarmuka yang sama.

Berikut adalah komponen sederhana untuk sistem file:

class File:
    def __init__(self, name, size):
        self.name = name
        self.size = size
    
    def get_size(self):
        return self.size
    
    def display(self):
        return f"File: {self.name} ({self.size}KB)"

class Folder:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        self.children = []
    
    def add(self, item):
        self.children.append(item)
    
    def get_size(self):
        total = 0
        for child in self.children:
            total += child.get_size()
        return total
    
    def display(self):
        result = f"Folder: {self.name}"
        for child in self.children:
            result += f"\n  {child.display()}"
        return result

File dan folder memiliki method yang sama (get_size() dan display()), jadi keduanya dapat diperlakukan secara seragam.

Buat struktur sistem file:

# Buat file
file1 = File("document.txt", 10)
file2 = File("image.jpg", 50)
file3 = File("video.mp4", 200)

# Buat folder
documents = Folder("Documents")
media = Folder("Media")
root = Folder("Root")

# Bangun struktur pohon
documents.add(file1)
media.add(file2)
media.add(file3)
root.add(documents)
root.add(media)

Gunakan struktur komposit:

print(f"Root size: {root.get_size()}KB")
print(root.display())

Buat contoh lain dengan sistem menu:

class MenuItem:
    def __init__(self, name, price):
        self.name = name
        self.price = price
    
    def get_price(self):
        return self.price
    
    def show(self):
        return f"{self.name}: ${self.price}"

class Menu:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        self.items = []
    
    def add(self, item):
        self.items.append(item)
    
    def get_price(self):
        total = 0
        for item in self.items:
            total += item.get_price()
        return total
    
    def show(self):
        result = f"{self.name} Menu:"
        for item in self.items:
            result += f"\n  {item.show()}"
        return result

combo = Menu("Combo")
combo.add(MenuItem("Burger", 8))
combo.add(MenuItem("Fries", 3))
combo.add(MenuItem("Drink", 2))

print(f"Combo price: ${combo.get_price()}")
print(combo.show())

Output:

Root size: 260KB
Folder: Root
  Folder: Documents
    File: document.txt (10KB)
  Folder: Media
    File: image.jpg (50KB)
    File: video.mp4 (200KB)
Combo price: $13
Combo Menu:
  Burger: $8
  Fries: $3
  Drink: $2

Poin penting: Composite Pattern memungkinkan kamu memperlakukan object individual dan kumpulan object dengan cara yang sama. Baik leaf (item individual) maupun composite (kelompok) mengimplementasikan interface yang sama, sehingga kamu dapat dengan mudah bekerja dengan struktur pohon seperti sistem file, menu, atau bagan organisasi.

Tantangan

Sedang

Dalam tantangan ini, kamu akan mengimplementasikan struktur sistem file menggunakan pola desain Composite. Pola Composite memungkinkan kamu menyusun object menjadi struktur pohon untuk merepresentasikan hierarki bagian-keseluruhan, dengan memperlakukan object individual dan komposisi object secara seragam.

Pola Composite terdiri dari:

Component: class abstrak yang mendefinisikan antarmuka umum untuk semua class konkret
Leaf: Merepresentasikan object akhir dalam komposisi yang tidak memiliki elemen turunan
Composite: Mendefinisikan perilaku untuk component yang memiliki turunan dan menyimpan component turunannya

Kamu akan mengimplementasikan sistem file dengan:

class abstrak FileSystemComponent (Component)
class File (Leaf)
class Directory (Composite)
class FileSystem untuk mengelola keseluruhan struktur

Implementasikan base class abstrak dengan method abstrak yang sesuai
Buat implementasi konkret untuk file dan direktori
Pastikan direktori dapat memuat file dan direktori lain
Implementasikan operasi rekursif seperti penghitungan ukuran dan tampilan
Tambahkan operasi berbasis path untuk menambahkan, menghapus, dan mencari component
Tangani kasus error dengan tepat
Pastikan enkapsulasi property component diterapkan dengan baik

Path berupa string seperti /Documents/Projects. add_to_path menambahkan component di dalam direktori pada path (/ adalah root), sedangkan get_from_path dan remove_from_path merujuk ke file atau direktori pada path tersebut. Komentar TODO di setiap file menjelaskan langkah-langkah dan pesan error secara tepat.

Coba sendiri

# Impor semua class yang diperlukan
from file_system import FileSystem
from directory import Directory
from file import File

# Penangan kasus uji yang menyeluruh
test_case = input()

if test_case == "basic_file_test":
    file = File("test.txt", 100)
    print(f"Name: {file.name}")
    print(f"Size: {file.get_size()} KB")
    print(file.display())

elif test_case == "basic_directory_test":
    documents = Directory("Documents")
    file1 = File("resume.pdf", 250)
    file2 = File("cover_letter.doc", 180)
    documents.add(file1)
    documents.add(file2)
    print(f"Total size: {documents.get_size()} KB")
    print(documents.display())

elif test_case == "file_system_basic_test":
    fs = FileSystem()
    readme = File("README.md", 50)
    fs.add_to_path("/", readme)
    print(fs.display())
    print(f"Total system size: {fs.get_total_size()} KB")

elif test_case == "nested_directory_test":
    fs = FileSystem()
    docs = Directory("Documents")
    projects = Directory("Projects")
    
    fs.add_to_path("/", docs)
    fs.add_to_path("/Documents", projects)
    
    project_file = File("main.py", 300)
    readme = File("README.md", 75)
    
    fs.add_to_path("/Documents/Projects", project_file)
    fs.add_to_path("/Documents/Projects", readme)
    
    print(fs.display())

elif test_case == "path_operations_test":
    fs = FileSystem()
    
    # Buat struktur direktori
    docs = Directory("Documents")
    projects = Directory("Projects")
    fs.add_to_path("/", docs)
    fs.add_to_path("/Documents", projects)
    
    # Tambahkan file
    file1 = File("notes.txt", 120)
    file2 = File("project1.py", 450)
    fs.add_to_path("/Documents", file1)
    fs.add_to_path("/Documents/Projects", file2)
    
    # Uji operasi path
    retrieved_docs = fs.get_from_path("/Documents")
    retrieved_file = fs.get_from_path("/Documents/Projects/project1.py")
    
    print(f"Documents directory size: {retrieved_docs.get_size()} KB")
    print(f"Retrieved file: {retrieved_file.name} ({retrieved_file.get_size()} KB)")

elif test_case == "file_validation_test":
    try:
        invalid_file = File("negative.txt", -50)
        print("Validation failed - should have raised ValueError")
    except ValueError as e:
        print(f"Caught expected error: {e}")
    
    # Uji operasi NotImplementedError
    valid_file = File("test.txt", 100)
    try:
        valid_file.add(File("other.txt", 50))
    except NotImplementedError as e:
        print(f"Add operation error: {e}")
    
    try:
        valid_file.get_component("nonexistent")
    except NotImplementedError as e:
        print(f"Get component error: {e}")

elif test_case == "directory_duplicate_test":
    directory = Directory("TestDir")
    file1 = File("duplicate.txt", 100)
    file2 = File("duplicate.txt", 200)
    
    directory.add(file1)
    print("First file added successfully")
    
    try:
        directory.add(file2)
        print("Duplicate check failed")
    except ValueError as e:
        print(f"Caught expected duplicate error: {e}")

elif test_case == "component_removal_test":
    directory = Directory("TestDir")
    file1 = File("file1.txt", 100)
    file2 = File("file2.txt", 150)
    file3 = File("file3.txt", 200)
    
    directory.add(file1)
    directory.add(file2)
    directory.add(file3)
    
    print("Initial state:")
    print(directory.display())
    
    directory.remove(file2)
    print("\nAfter removing file2.txt:")
    print(directory.display())
    
    try:
        nonexistent = File("ghost.txt", 50)
        directory.remove(nonexistent)
    except ValueError as e:
        print(f"\nRemoval error: {e}")

elif test_case == "recursive_search_test":
    root_dir = Directory("root")
    subdir1 = Directory("subdir1")
    subdir2 = Directory("subdir2")
    
    file1 = File("target.txt", 100)
    file2 = File("other.txt", 150)
    file3 = File("deep.txt", 200)
    
    root_dir.add(subdir1)
    subdir1.add(subdir2)
    subdir1.add(file1)
    subdir2.add(file3)
    root_dir.add(file2)
    
    # Cari file yang sudah ada
    found1 = root_dir.find_component_recursive("target.txt")
    found2 = root_dir.find_component_recursive("deep.txt")
    not_found = root_dir.find_component_recursive("missing.txt")
    
    print(f"Found target.txt: {found1.name if found1 else 'Not found'}")
    print(f"Found deep.txt: {found2.name if found2 else 'Not found'}")
    print(f"Found missing.txt: {not_found.name if not_found else 'Not found'}")

elif test_case == "size_calculation_test":
    fs = FileSystem()
    
    # Buat struktur yang kompleks
    docs = Directory("Documents")
    images = Directory("Images")
    
    fs.add_to_path("/", docs)
    fs.add_to_path("/", images)
    
    # Tambahkan file dengan ukuran yang diketahui
    doc1 = File("doc1.txt", 100)
    doc2 = File("doc2.txt", 200)
    img1 = File("img1.jpg", 500)
    img2 = File("img2.png", 300)
    
    fs.add_to_path("/Documents", doc1)
    fs.add_to_path("/Documents", doc2)
    fs.add_to_path("/Images", img1)
    fs.add_to_path("/Images", img2)
    
    # Hitung ukuran
    docs_size = fs.get_from_path("/Documents").get_size()
    images_size = fs.get_from_path("/Images").get_size()
    total_size = fs.get_total_size()
    
    print(f"Documents size: {docs_size} KB")
    print(f"Images size: {images_size} KB")
    print(f"Total size: {total_size} KB")
    print(f"Sum verification: {docs_size + images_size == total_size}")

elif test_case == "display_formatting_test":
    root = Directory("root")
    level1 = Directory("level1")
    level2 = Directory("level2")
    
    file1 = File("root_file.txt", 100)
    file2 = File("level1_file.txt", 200)
    file3 = File("level2_file.txt", 300)
    
    root.add(file1)
    root.add(level1)
    level1.add(file2)
    level1.add(level2)
    level2.add(file3)
    
    print("Formatted directory structure:")
    print(root.display())

elif test_case == "file_system_path_test":
    fs = FileSystem()
    
    try:
        # Buat struktur
        fs.add_to_path("/", Directory("home"))
        fs.add_to_path("/home", Directory("user"))
        fs.add_to_path("/home/user", File("profile.txt", 150))
        
        # Uji pengambilan data
        user_dir = fs.get_from_path("/home/user")
        profile = fs.get_from_path("/home/user/profile.txt")
        
        print(f"User directory: {user_dir.name}")
        print(f"Profile file: {profile.name}")
        
        # Uji penghapusan
        fs.remove_from_path("/home/user/profile.txt")
        print("Profile removed successfully")
        
        # Coba akses file yang sudah dihapus
        try:
            fs.get_from_path("/home/user/profile.txt")
        except ValueError as e:
            print(f"Expected error accessing removed file: {e}")
            
    except ValueError as e:
        print(f"Path operation error: {e}")

elif test_case == "empty_directory_test":
    empty_dir = Directory("Empty")
    
    print(f"Empty directory size: {empty_dir.get_size()} KB")
    print("Empty directory display:")
    print(empty_dir.display())
    
    result = empty_dir.get_component("nonexistent")
    print(f"Get nonexistent component: {result}")

elif test_case == "name_property_test":
    file = File("original.txt", 100)
    directory = Directory("OriginalDir")
    
    print(f"Original file name: {file.name}")
    print(f"Original directory name: {directory.name}")
    
    # Uji pemberian nama yang valid
    file.name = "renamed.txt"
    directory.name = "RenamedDir"
    
    print(f"Renamed file: {file.name}")
    print(f"Renamed directory: {directory.name}")
    
    # Uji pemberian nama kosong
    try:
        file.name = ""
        print("Empty name validation failed")
    except ValueError as e:
        print(f"Empty name error: {e}")

elif test_case == "large_file_system_test":
    fs = FileSystem()
    
    # Buat beberapa folder dan file
    directories = ["Documents", "Images", "Videos", "Music"]
    file_counts = [5, 3, 2, 4]
    base_sizes = [100, 500, 1000, 200]
    
    total_files = 0
    total_directories = len(directories)
    
    for i, dir_name in enumerate(directories):
        fs.add_to_path("/", Directory(dir_name))
        
        for j in range(file_counts[i]):
            file_name = f"file_{j+1}.ext"
            file_size = base_sizes[i] + (j * 50)
            fs.add_to_path(f"/{dir_name}", File(file_name, file_size))
            total_files += 1
    
    print(f"Created {total_directories} directories")
    print(f"Created {total_files} files")
    print(f"Total system size: {fs.get_total_size()} KB")
    print("\nSystem structure:")
    print(fs.display())

elif test_case == "edge_cases_test":
    # Uji file berukuran 0
    zero_file = File("empty.txt", 0)
    print(f"Zero size file: {zero_file.get_size()} KB")
    
    # Uji folder dengan nama yang sangat panjang
    long_name = "A" * 100
    long_dir = Directory(long_name)
    print(f"Long directory name length: {len(long_dir.name)}")
    
    # Uji struktur yang bertingkat dalam
    current = Directory("level0")
    root = current
    
    for i in range(1, 6):
        next_level = Directory(f"level{i}")
        current.add(next_level)
        current = next_level
    
    # Tambahkan file pada tingkat terdalam
    deep_file = File("deep.txt", 100)
    current.add(deep_file)
    
    print("Deep nesting test:")
    print(root.display())
    
    # Uji operasi pada struktur kosong
    empty = Directory("Empty")
    try:
        empty.remove(File("ghost.txt", 50))
    except ValueError as e:
        print(f"Empty structure removal error: {e}")